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Measuring technology

What is PAM4? Signaling Basics, vs. NRZ, and Testing

PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4-level) is a modulation technique that uses four distinct voltage levels to encode two bits of data per symbol. Unlike traditional NRZ, which transmits one bit per symbol, PAM4 doubles the data rate at the same bandwidth, making it essential for next-generation high...

01 December, 2025
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